Nutrition Research
Volume 27, Issue 12 , Pages 778-787 , December 2007

Remedial effect of lupeol and its ester derivative on hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative and inflammatory stresses

Received 14 March 2007 ,Revised 4 July 2007 ,Accepted 12 September 2007.

References 

  1. Stefanogiannis N, Lawes CM, Turley M, Tobias M, Hoorn SV, Mhurchu CN, et al. Nutrition and the burden of disease in New Zealand: 1997-2011. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8:395–401
  2. Krauss RM, Winston M, Fletcher BJ, Grundy SM. Obesity: impact on cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1998;98:1472–1476
  3. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, McNamara PM. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74:1–12
  4. Prasad K, Kalra J. Experimental atherosclerosis and oxygen free radicals. Angiology. 1989;40:835–843
  5. Han SN, Leka LS, Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Schaefer EJ, Meydani SN. Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 2002;43:445–452
  6. Brand K, Eisele T, Kreusel U, Page M, Page S, Haas M, et al. Dysregulation of monocytic nuclear factor-kappa B by oxidized low density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1901–1909
  7. Swantek JL, Christerson L, Cobb MH. Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter activity is inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase-dependent. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:11667–11671
  8. Cogswell JP, Godlevski MM, Wisely GB, Clay WC, Leesnitzer LM, Ways JP, et al. NF-kappa B regulates IL-1 beta transcription through a consensus NF-kappa B binding site and a nonconsensus CRE-like site. J Immunol. 1994;153:712–723
  9. Saadeddin SM, Habbab MA, Ferns GA. Markers of inflammation and coronary artery disease. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8:RA5–RA12
  10. Naka M, Nanbu T, Kobayashi K, Kamanaka Y, Komeno M, Yanase R, et al. A potent inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ONO-1714, a cyclic amidine derivative. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;270:663–667
  11. Porsti I, Paakkari I. Nitric oxide-based possibilities for pharmacotherapy. Ann Med. 1995;27:407–420
  12. Becquet F, Courtois Y, Goureau O. Nitric oxide in the eye: multifaceted roles and diverse outcomes. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997;42:71–82
  13. Dusting GJ. Nitric oxide in coronary artery disease: roles in atherosclerosis, myocardial reperfusion, and heart failure. EXS. 1996;76:33–55
  14. Kim YM, Lee BS, Yi KY, Paik SG. Upstream NF-kappaB site is required for the maximal expression of mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in interferon-gamma plus lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;236:655–660
  15. Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol linoleate in adjuvant induced arthritis. Fitoterapia. 1998;69:13–19
  16. Sunitha S, Nagaraj M, Varalakshmi P. Hepatoprotective effect of lupeol and lupeol linoleate on tissue antioxidant defence system in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fitoterapia. 2001;72:516–523
  17. Somova LI, Shode FO, Ramnanan A, Nadar A. Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;84:299–305
  18. Fernandez MA, de las Heras B, Garcia MD, Saenz MT, Villar A. New insights into the mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory triterpene lupeol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001;53:1533–1539
  19. Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Varalakshmi P. Role of lupeol and lupeol linoleate on lipemic-oxidative stress in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Life Sci. 2006;78:1329–1335
  20. Baskar R, Malini MM, Varalakshmi P, Balakrishna K, Bhima B. Effect of lupeol isolated from Crataeva nurvala stem bark against free radical-induced toxicity in experimental urolithiasis. Fitoterapia. 1996;67:121–126
  21. Balkan J, Kanbagli O, Hatipoglu A, Kucuk M, Cevikbas U, Aykac-Toker G, et al. Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002;66:1755–1758
  22. Shinnick FL, Ink SL, Marlett JA. Dose response to a dietary oat bran fraction in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr. 1990;120:561–568
  23. LeBel CP, Ischiropoulos H, Bondy SC. Evaluation of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol. 1992;5:227–231
  24. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265–275
  25. Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in tissues with Ellman's reagent. Anal Biochem. 1968;25:192–205
  26. Grilli A, De Lutiis MA, Patruno A, Speranza L, Cataldi A, Centurione L, et al. Effect of chronic hypoxia on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in rat myocardial tissue. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003;228:935–942
  27. Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Varalakshmi P, Sundarapandiyan R. Mitigating role of lupeol and lupeol linoleate on hepatic lipemic-oxidative injury and lipoprotein peroxidation in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;295:189–198
  28. Gross SS, Wolin MS. Nitric oxide: pathophysiological mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol. 1995;57:737–769
  29. Drexler H, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function in human coronary arteries in vivo. Focus on hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension. 1991;18:II90–II99
  30. Moriel P, Pereira IR, Bertolami MC, Abdalla DS. Is ceruloplasmin an important catalyst for S-nitrosothiol generation in hypercholesterolemia?. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;30:318–326
  31. Takenaka Y, Miki M, Yasuda H, Mino M. The effect of alpha-tocopherol as an antioxidant on the oxidation of membrane protein thiols induced by free radicals generated in different sites. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991;285:344–350
  32. Cooper AJ, Kristal BS. Multiple roles of glutathione in the central nervous system. Biol Chem. 1997;378:793–802
  33. Yamashita K, Lu H, Lu J, Chen G, Yokoyama T, Sagara Y, et al. Effect of three triterpenoids, lupeol, betulin, and betulinic acid on the stimulus-induced superoxide generation and tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins in human neutrophils. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;325:91–96
  34. Wilson SH, Caplice NM, Simari RD, Holmes DR, Carlson PJ, Lerman A. Activated nuclear factor-kappaB is present in the coronary vasculature in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148:23–30
  35. Barath P, Fishbein MC, Cao J, Berenson J, Helfant RH, Forrester JS. Tumor necrosis factor gene expression in human vascular intimal smooth muscle cells detected by in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol. 1990;137:503–509
  36. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993;362:801–809
  37. Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone MA. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science. 1991;251:788–791
  38. Cominacini L, Garbin U, Pasini AF, Davoli A, Campagnola M, Pastorino AM, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein increases the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells: inhibitory effect of lacidipine. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1913–1919
  39. de las Heras B, Navarro A, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Bermejo P, Castrillo A, Bosca L, et al. Inhibition of NOS-2 expression in macrophages through the inactivation of NF-kappa B by andalusol. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;128:605–612
  40. Suh N, Honda T, Finlay HJ, Barchowsky A, Williams C, Benoit NE, et al. Novel triterpenoids suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in mouse macrophages. Cancer Res. 1998;58:717–723
  41. Hallenbeck JM, Dutka AJ, Vogel SN, Heldman E, Doron DA, Feuerstein G. Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor activity in rats with and without risk factors for stroke. Brain Res. 1991;541:115–120
  42. Mantovani A. The interplay between primary and secondary cytokines. Cytokines involved in the regulation of monocyte recruitment. Drugs. 1997;54:15–23
  43. Castell JV, Andus T, Kunz D, Heinrich PC. Interleukin-6. The major regulator of acute-phase protein synthesis in man and rat. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1989;557:87–99
  44. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:972–978
  45. Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res. 2003;11:525–531
  46. Libby P, Ridker PM. Novel inflammatory markers of coronary risk: theory versus practice. Circulation. 1999;100:1148–1150
  47. Goldstein IM, Ostwald P, Roth S. Nitric oxide: a review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Res. 1996;36:2979–2994
  48. Kubes P, McCafferty DM. Nitric oxide and intestinal inflammation. Am J Med. 2000;109:150–158
  49. Xie QW, Whisnant R, Nathan C. Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med. 1993;177:1779–1784
  50. Aliev G, Shi J, Perry G, Friedland RP, Lamanna JC. Decreased constitutive nitric oxide synthase, but increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 immunoreactivity in aortic endothelial cells of donryu rats on a cholesterol-enriched diet. Anat Rec. 2000;260:16–25
  51. Harrison DG. Endothelial control of vasomotion and nitric oxide production: a potential target for risk factor management. Cardiol Clin. 1996;14:1–15
  52. Nikiema JB, Vanhaelen-Fastre R, Vanhaelen M, Fontaine J, De Graef C, Heenen M. Effects of antiinflammatory triterpenes isolated from Leptadenia hastata latex on keratinocyte proliferation. Phytother Res. 2001;15:131–134

PII: S0271-5317(07)00224-2

doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.012

Nutrition Research
Volume 27, Issue 12 , Pages 778-787 , December 2007